Sindhu Jal Samjhauta Kya Hai?
Sindhu Jal Samjhauta ya Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) ek aisa international agreement hai jo Bharat aur Pakistan ke beech 1960 mein hua tha. Is samjhaute ka mukhya uddeshya Sindhu nadi aur iski 5 upnadiyon ke paani ko dono deshon ke beech nyayik roop se baantna tha. Yeh samjhauta World Bank ki madhyasthata mein hua tha.
Is samjhaute ke tehat:
- Pakistan ko milti hai:
- Indus (Sindhu), Jhelum aur Chenab nadiyon ka paani
- Bharat ko milta hai:
- Ravi, Beas aur Sutlej ka paani
Itihas aur Sandarbh
Partition ke baad paani ka sawal
1947 ke baad jab Bharat-Pakistan alag hue, tab dono deshon ke beech sabse bada mudda paani ka tha. Punjab ki zyada nadiyaan Pakistan se hokar jaati thi, lekin unka origin Bharat se hota tha. Pakistan ko dar tha ki Bharat kisi din in nadiyon ka paani rok lega.
1960 ka Samjhauta
World Bank ne mediation ki zimmedaari uthai, aur 19 September 1960 ko Bharat ke Pradhanmantri Jawaharlal Nehru aur Pakistan ke President Ayub Khan ne is treaty par hastakshar kiya.
Samjhaute ke Pramukh Bindoo
1. Nadiyon ka vibhajan:
- 3 Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Bharat ke liye
- 3 Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Pakistan ke liye
2. Hydro Projects:
Bharat ko Western rivers par kuch hydroelectric projects banane ki anumati hai, lekin bina paani ka flow badle ya rokke.
3. Permanent Indus Commission (PIC):
Dono desh har saal ek doosre ke sath meeting karte hain taaki data exchange ho sake aur disputes solve ho.
🇮🇳🇵🇰 Bharat aur Pakistan ke beech Vivad
Pakistan ke arop
Pakistan aksar Bharat par ilzaam lagata hai ki woh Chenab aur Jhelum par projects bana kar paani ka flow kam kar raha hai. Jaise ki:
- Baglihar Dam (Jammu & Kashmir)
- Kishanganga Project (Jammu & Kashmir)
Bharat’s paksh
Bharat ka kehna hai ki yeh sab projects IWT ke parameters ke andar hain. Bharat ne kabhi bhi Pakistan ka paani nahi roka hai, sirf hydroelectric power generation ke liye projects kiye hain.
Aaj ke Daur Mein Samjhaute ki Prasangikta
Uri aur Pulwama attacks ke baad
2016 ke Uri attack ke baad aur 2019 ke Pulwama attack ke baad Bharat ne Sindhu Jal Samjhauta ko lekar apni policy mein kathorta dikhai. Tab ke PM Narendra Modi ne kaha:
“Rakt aur paani ek saath nahi beh sakte.”
Pani rokne ka vikalp?
Halanki Bharat ne ab tak treaty violate nahi ki hai, lekin yeh sanket diya gaya hai ki agar Pakistan terrorism support karta raha, toh Bharat apne adhikar ke paani ka pura istemal karega.
Antarrashtreey Prabhav aur Vikas
Sindhu Jal Samjhauta ko duniya bhar mein ek safal water-sharing model ke roop mein dekha jaata hai. Yeh treaty 60+ saal tak bina kisi major alteration ke chalti aayi hai—jo ki rare hai.
Parantu, climate change, glacial melt, aur geopolitical tensions ke karan iska future uncertain ho sakta hai.
Kya Bharat Samjhauta Tod Sakta Hai?
Technically, Bharat treaty se alag ho sakta hai, lekin yeh ek international obligation hai. Agar Bharat aisa karta hai, toh isse diplomatic pressure, international criticism, aur environmental implications ho sakte hain.
Isliye experts kehte hain ki
- Bharat ko chahiye ki woh apne adhikar ke paani ka pura use kare
- Na ki treaty todo
Vartamaan Stithi (2025 Update)
- India ne Ravi-Beas projects ko fast-track kiya hai
- Pakistan ne Kishanganga par dobara appeal ki hai World Bank ke paas
- PIC ki meetings ab bhi regularly ho rahi hain
Conclusion
Sindhu Jal Samjhauta sirf paani ka nahi, balki Bharat-Pakistan rishte ka ek mool adhaar hai. Is samjhaute ne dono deshon ko ek doosre se baatcheet ke liye ek platform diya hai.
Halanki, aane wale samay mein climate change, population growth, aur geopolitics is treaty ko nayi chunautiyan de sakti hain.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the Indus Waters Treaty (Sindhu Jal Samjhauta)?
India and Pakistan signed this treaty concerning the distribution of waters for both nations in September 1960 under the mediation of the World Bank. It is quite specific as to how both countries—India and Pakistan-have to share their waters from several tributaries of the Indus River.
2. The rivers over which Sindhu Jal Samjhauta operates?
This treaty is about the following six rivers:
- Western Rivers (for Pakistan): Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
- Eastern Rivers (for India): Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
3. India can not stop water to Pakistan according to the treaty?
According to the treaty, India cannot arbitrarily stop water to Pakistan but can completely use its share from the eastern rivers and construct hydroelectric projects over the western rivers.
4. Why is the treaty still relevant in 2025?
There were the shadows of wars and political conflicts, but despite that, the treaty has lived till now. It remains the identifiable framework of peace and cooperation in terms of water sharing between India and Pakistan.
5. Is there any violation of the treaty by India?
No, India has adhered to the terms of the treaty. The disputes, such as Baglihar and Kishanganga, are resolved via either legal or diplomatic interventions, in which case mediation by the World Bank would be required.
6. How does the World Bank factor in the Indus Waters Treaty?
The World Bank’s role was instrumental in the brokering of the treaty. It has also continued to play the role of a mediator in the event of disputes and is also carrying on along with both countries dispute resolution mechanisms.
7. What will happen if the treaty is unilaterally revoked?
Revoking the treaty may refer to getting into worse bilateral ties. It has internal implications, international critiques, and forefront risks among South Asia’s fragile geopolitical events.
